Flashcards 1

Mitochondria

Eukaryotic cells

• Glycolysis
• Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
• Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

Mitochondria

Aerobic respiration produces significantly more ATP (~36-38) compared to anaerobic respiration (2 ATP).

It is an ancient pathway that evolved before oxygen was plentiful in the atmosphere; it does not require oxygen or mitochondria.

Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without oxygen, while obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen.

Exothermic (it releases energy)

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$

• Light-dependent reactions
• Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)

ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen ($O_2$)

Chloroplast

Chlorophyll

Blue and red light

Stomata (stoma)

During the day, to allow carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) to enter for photosynthesis.

At night or during drought conditions, to prevent water loss.

Endothermic (it absorbs energy)

$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Light Energy \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$

To produce two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and tissue repair.

Interphase and the Mitotic Phase (M phase)

• G1 (Gap 1)
• S (Synthesis)
• G2 (Gap 2)

S Phase (Synthesis) of Interphase

Chromosomes condense and become visible; the nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibers form.

Chromosomes line up along the center (metaphase plate) of the cell.

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow (pinch inward); plant cells form a cell plate.

To produce gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes.

Four genetically unique cells

Haploid (n)

Genes for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another.

Pair of alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation so each gamete receives only one allele.

Chromosomes that determine general body characteristics (not sex).

Somatic cells are body cells (diploid), while gametes are sex cells (haploid).

An alternative form of a gene.

Heterozygous means having two different alleles (e.g., Aa); homozygous means having two identical alleles (e.g., AA or aa).

Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles; recessive alleles are only expressed when two copies are present.

When the phenotype of the heterozygote is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g., red + white = pink).

When both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote (e.g., a spotted coat).

• A phosphate group
• A 5-carbon sugar
• A nitrogenous base

DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose.

S Phase of Interphase

Adenine pairs with Thymine in DNA and with Uracil in RNA.

Amino acid

Peptide bond

It can alter the shape and function of the resulting protein.

In the nucleus

At the ribosome

DNA is used as a template to create a complementary strand of mRNA.

The mRNA code is read by ribosomes to assemble a chain of amino acids into a protein.

AUG